Surgery
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Contents |
More Specific Terms
- abdominal surgery
- ablation
- avulsion
- cardiothoracic surgery
- cryosurgery (cryoablation)
- curettage
- dermatologic surgery
- elective surgery
- endocrine surgery
- ENT surgery; otorhinolaryngologic surgery; ear, nose & throat surgery
- enucleation
- eye surgery; opthalmologic surgery; ocular surgery
- gastrointestinal surgery (GI surgery)
- general surgery
- genitourinary surgery (urogenital surgery)
- gynecologic surgery
- head & neck surgery
- laparoscopic surgery
- laser surgery (radiosurgery)
- maxillofacial surgery
- neurosurgery
- oral surgery
- organ/tissue transplantation
- orthopedic surgery
- parabiosis
- plastic surgery
- proctectomy
- removal of prosthesis
- sham procedure
- stent/stenting
- surgery in HIV patients
- surgical anastomosis
- surgical hemostasis
- surgical ligation
- surgical resection (excision)
- surgical suture
- tissue graft
- urgent surgery; emergency surgery
- vascular surgery
Epidemiology
- 1/3 of all surgeries performed in patients > 65 years of age
Indications
Complications
- perioperative mortality correlates with functional status, independent of age
- surgical mortality tends to be lower at hospitals that perform more operations [2]
- perioperative complications similar in hospitals that differ in perioperative mortality, suggesting 'failure to rescue' as a determinant of in-hospital mortality [4]
- postsurgical sepsis: 2.3%
- postsurgical septic shock 1.6% [5]
- postsurgical pulmonary embolism: 0.3%
- postsurgical myocardial infarction: 0.2% [5]
- alcohol abuse before surgery increases risk of postoperative complications [6]
- smoking cessation before surgery might lower risk for postoperative complications; benefit probably grows with longer duration of smoking cessation [7]
More General Terms
Additional Terms
- indications for preoperative laboratory testing
- perioperative risk assessment
- post-operative management
- postoperative complications
- preoperative evaluation & management
- prophylaxis for perioperative infection
- surgical site infection
References
- Stedman's Medical Dictionary 27th ed, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1999.
- Journal Watch 24(1):11, 2004 Birkmeyer JD et al, N Engl J Med 349:2117, 2003 PMID: [1]
- Surgical site infection National Institute for Cost Effectiveness (NICE) [2]
- Ghaferi AA et al Variation in hospital mortality associated with inpatient surgery. N Engl J Med 2009 Oct 1; 361:1368 <PubMed> PMID: [3] <Internet> [4]
- Jacobs DO. Variation in hospital mortality associated with inpatient surgery - An S.O.S. N Engl J Med 2009 Oct 1; 361:1398. <PubMed> PMID: [5] <Internet> [6] - Moore LJ et al Sepsis in General Surgery The 2005-2007 National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Perspective Arch Surg. 2010;145(7):695-700. <PubMed> PMID: [7] <Internet> [8]
- Bradley KA et al. Alcohol screening and risk of postoperative complications in male VA patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery. J Gen Intern Med 2011 Feb; 26:162. PMID: [9]
- Harris AHS et al. Preoperative alcohol screening scores: Association with complications in men undergoing total joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011 Feb; 93:321 PMID: [10] - Mills E et al. Smoking cessation reduces postoperative complications: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 2011 Feb; 124:144. PMID: [11]
- National Guideline Clearinghouse
- Perioperative blood transfusion for elective surgery. A national clinical guideline. (SIGN) ngc-guideline: [12]
- Antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiac surgery. (Society of Thoracic Surgeons) ngc-guideline: [13]
- Surgical site infection: prevention and treatment of surgical site infection. National Collaborating Centre for Women's and Children's Health ngc-guideline: [14]
- Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute care hospitals. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America ngc-guideline: [15]
- Safe site invasive procedure - non-operating room. Health care protocol. Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI). ngc-guideline: [16]
- Antithrombotic therapies in spine surgery. North American Spine Society ngc-guideline: [17]
- Office-based surgery. Michigan Quality Improvement Consortium ngc-guideline: [18]
- 2011 update to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons and the Society of Cardiovascular Anesthesiologists blood conservation clinical practice guidelines. ngc-guideline: [19]
