Stem Cell

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Contents 1 More Specific Terms 2 Introduction 3 Function 4 Expression 5 Biochemistry 6 More General Terms 7 Additional Terms 8 References

More Specific Terms

• hematopoietic stem cell
• multipotential stem cell
• pluripotential stem cell

Introduction

• Found in all multicellular organisms

Function

• able to undergo mitosis
• able to differentiate into a diverse range of specialized cell types
• embryonic stem cells found in blastocyst can differentiate into specialized embryonic cells
• adult stem cells & progenitor cells act as repair system

• replenish specialized cells
• normal turnover of regerative organs

• blood, skin, intestinal tissues

Expression

• inducible from differentiated cells ( fibroblasts) [4] (see induced pluripotential stem cell)

Biochemistry

• Notch1 activation promotes the survival of neural & pancreatic stem cells. [5]
• stem cells may have a gene activation signature of about 360 genes shared by malignant cells [2]
• p16ink4A expression increases in stem cells with age & diminishes cell proliferation [3]

More General Terms

• cell

Additional Terms

• progenitor cell
• stem cell transplantation

References

1. Androutsellis-Theotokis A, Leker RR, Soldner F, Hoeppner DJ, Ravin R, Poser SW, Rueger MA, Bae SK, Kittappa R, McKay RD. Notch signalling regulates stem cell numbers in vitro and in vivo. Nature. 2006 Aug 17;442(7104):823-6. Epub 2006 Jun 25. PMID: &dopt=Abstract
2. Krivtsov AV, Twomey D, Feng Z, Stubbs MC, Wang Y, Faber J, Levine JE, Wang J, Hahn WC, Gilliland DG, Golub TR, Armstrong SA. Transformation from committed progenitor to leukaemia stem cell initiated by MLL-AF9. Nature. 2006 Aug 17;442(7104):818-22. Epub 2006 Jul 16. PMID: [1]
   - Passegue E. Cancer biology: a game of subversion. Nature. 2006 Aug 17;442(7104):754-5. No abstract available. PMID: [2]
3. Jansen V et al, Stem-cell ageing modified by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16INK4a Nature 2006 (Sept 6) [3]
   - Molofsky AV et al, Increasing p16INK4a expression decreases forebrain progenitors and neurogenesis during aging. Nature 2006 [4]
   - Krishnamurthy J et al, p16INK4a induces age-dependent decline in islet regenerative potential Nature 2006 [5]
4. Takahashi K et al, Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors. Cell 2007, Nov 20, 131:861 <PubMed> PMID: [6] <Internet> [7] Yu J et al, Induced pluripotent stem cells derived from human somatic cells. Science 2007, Nov 20 <PubMed> PMID: [8] <Internet> [9]
5. Wikipedia: Stem cell [10]
6. Stem Cells/Stem Cell Transplantation: NIH Institute and Center Resources [11]
7. National Guideline Clearinghouse Cord blood banking for potential future transplantation. American Academy of Pediatrics ngc-guideline: [12]

stem cell