Parkinsonism
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Contents |
More Specific Terms
- drug-induced parkinsonism
- parkinson plus syndrome
- post-encephalitic parkinsonism
- vascular parkinsonism
Introduction
- A neurologic disorder usually resulting from dopamine deficiency as a result of degenerative, vascular or inflammatory changes in the basal ganglia. It is characterized a resting tremor, muscular rigidity, bradykinesia, a droopy posture & mask-like facies. It may occur as a side effect of antipsychotic medications or as a feature of several neurodegenerative disorders.
Etiology
- idiopathic Parkinson's disease (most common etiology)
- multiple system atrophy
- progressive supranuclear palsy
- corticobasal ganglionic degeneration
- diffuse Lewy body disease
- vascular parkinsonism
- hereditary disorders
- Wilson's disease
- Huntington's disease
- juvenile paralysis agitans
- L-dopa responsive dystonia
- Hallervorden-Spatz disease ( pantothenate kinase-2 deficiency)
- Dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy
- Machado-Joseph-Azorean disease ( SCA 3)
- Fahr's disease
- Leigh's disease
- spinocerebellar ataxias
- fragile X tremor/ataxia syndrome
- familial amyotrophy-dementia-parkinsonism
- other neurodegenerative disorders sometimes associated with parkinsonism
- Alzheimer's disease
- Pick's disease ( frontotemporal dementia)
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease ( Prion disease)
- Neuro- acanthocytosis ( chorein mutation)
- neuro-metabolic disorders
- secondary parkinsonism
- head trauma ( dementia pugilistica {professional boxing})
- post- anoxia
- normal pressure hydrocephalus ( NPH)
- metabolic disorders
- hypoparathyroidism
- hypothyroidism, rare, resolves with treatment
- paraneoplastic syndrome
- hepatocerebral degeneration
- basal ganglia calcification (rare)
- post- viral encephalitis ( encephalitis lethargica)
- brain tumors (rare)
- toxins
-
- reserpine
- alpha-methyldopa (rare)
- lithium carbonate (rare)
More General Terms
Additional Terms
References
- Stedman's Medical Dictionary 26th ed, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1995
- Lang & Lazano NEJM 339(15):1044-53 1998
- Bronstein J, In: Intensive Course in Geriatric Medicine & Board Review, Marina Del Ray, CA, Sept 29-Oct 2, 2004
- Abdo WF, Borm GF, Munneke M, Verbeek MM, Esselink RA, Bloem BR. Ten steps to identify atypical parkinsonism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006 Dec;77(12):1367-9. Epub 2006 Jul 17. PMID: [1]
- Burn DJ. Ten steps to identify atypical parkinsonism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2006 Dec;77(12):1299. No abstract available. PMID: [2]
