Dietary Sodium

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Contents 1 Epidemiology 2 Dosage 3 Adverse-effects 4 Additional Terms 5 References

Epidemiology

• foods contributing to dietary sodium in the US

• bread & rolls > cold cuts > pizza > poultry > soups > sandwiches > cheese > pasta mixed dishes > meat mixed dishes > savory snacks

• 2/3 of dietary sodium comes from foods purchased at stores; the remainder comes from restaurants, cafeterias ... [6]

Dosage

• < 2300 mg/day in young individuals
• 1500 mg/day for people with hypertension, > age 40, or African Americans
• see DASH diet

Adverse-effects

• high Na+ intake associated with increased mortality in overweight, but not normal weight patients [1]

• increased risk of stroke
• increased risk of myocardial infarction
• increased all-cause mortality [1]

• hypertension

• reduction is systolic BP of 1.1 mm Hg & diastolic BP of 0.6 mm Hg by sodium restriction unlikely to be helpful for hypertension in general [2]
• age & race may play a role in the effects of dietary sodium on hypertension [4]

• low urine sodium excretion may be associated with increased risk of cardiovascular mortality [4]

Additional Terms

• Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet
• Na+
• Na+ restriction

References

1. Journal Watch, Mass Med Soc 20(1):2 (Jan 1) 2000
2. Journal Watch 22(22):164, 2002 Hooper et al, BMJ 325:628, 2002
3. Prescriber's Letter 16(6): 2009 Blood Pressure-Lowering Benefits of Reduced Salt Intake COMMENTARY: Blood Pressure-Lowering Benefits of Reduced Salt Intake PATIENT HANDOUT: How to Eat Less Salt PDF: Patient Guide to the DASH Diet Detail-Document#: [1] (subscription needed) [2]
4. Stolarz-Skrzypek K et al. Fatal and nonfatal outcomes, incidence of hypertension, and blood pressure changes in relation to urinary sodium excretion. JAMA 2011 May 4; 305:1777 PMID: [3]
5. Taylor RS et al Reduced Dietary Salt for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (Cochrane Review) Am J Hypertens, July 6, 2011 <PubMed> PMID: [4] <Internet> [5] [6] Alderman MH The Cochrane Review of Sodium and Health Am J Hypertens, July 6, 2011 <PubMed> PMID: [7] <Internet> [8]
6. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vital Signs: Food Categories Contributing the Most to Sodium Consumption — United States, 2007–2008 MMWR February 7, 2012 / 61(Early Release);1-7 [9]

dietary sodium; dietary Na+; dietary salt