Diabetes Mellitus

From Anvita Health Wiki

Contents 1 More Specific Terms 2 Classification 3 Diagnostic-criteria 4 Complications 5 Differential-diagnosis 6 More General Terms 7 Additional Terms 8 References

More Specific Terms

• diabetes mellitus type 1 (insulin-dependent, juvenile)
• diabetes mellitus type 2 (insulin-resistant)
• gestational diabetes

Classification

• type 1 diabetes: insulin deficiency
• type 2 diabetes: insulin resistance
• gestational diabetes: insulin resistance
• other types

• genetic defects in beta cell function

• MODY syndrome

• genetic defects in insulin action

• type A insulin resistance
• Leprechaunism
• Rabon- Mendenhall syndrome
• lipoatrophic diabetes

• diseases of the exocrine pancreas

• pancreatitis
• pancreatic cancer
• cystic fibrosis
• hemochromatosis
• fibrocalculous pancreatopathy

• endocrinopathies

• Cushing's disease
• acromegaly
• glucagonoma
• pheochromocytoma
• somatostatinoma
• aldosteronoma

• drug-induced or chemically-induced

• corticosteroids
• niacin
• diazoxide 4]chlorthalidone 5]encainide 6]ethacrynic acid 7]furosemide 8]growth hormone
• oral contraceptives
• thiazides
• pentamidine
• phenytoin
• interferon-alfa
• beta-adrenergic agonists
• thyroxine

• infections

• CMV
• congenital rubella

• rare forms of immune-mediated diabetes mellitus

• Stiff man syndrome
• anti- insulin receptor antibodies

• other genetic syndromes associated with diabetes mellitus

• Down syndrome
• Turner syndrome
• Klinefelter syndrome
• Prader-Willi syndrome
• Lawrence-Moon-Biedl syndrome
• myotonic dystrophy
• Huntington chorea [1]

Diagnostic-criteria

• fasting blood sugar > 126 mg/dL on 2 separate occasions
• random blood sugar > 200 mg/dL + symptoms of diabetes polyuria, polydyspia or blurred vision [1]
• abnormal glucose tolerance test

• 2 hour glucose > 200 mg/dL [1]

• hemoglobin A1c >= 6.5% [2]

• * diagnostic criteria represent the approximate glycemic point at which the risk for retinopathy begins a steep ascent in relation to increasing plasma glucose

Complications

• 
  
• disease interaction(s) of diabetes mellitus with urinary incontinence

Differential-diagnosis

• type 1 diabetes mellitus

• serum C peptide

• below lower limit of detection or < 0.6 nM 5 min after 1 mg of IV glucagon
• < 0.2 nM fasting

• positive serum islet cell antibodies in 80% of newly diagnosed type 1 diabetics
• recurrent ketoacidosis
• age < 35 years
• weight at or below ideal

• type 2 diabetes mellitus
• drug toxicity

• agents that interfere with insulin secretion

• beta adrenergic agonists
• calcium channel blockers
• clonidine
• thiazides
• phenytoin
• pentamidine

• agents that induce insulin resistance

• glucocorticoids
• estrogens
• nicotinic acid

• endocrine disorders

• Cushing's syndrome
• glucagonoma
• acromegaly
• pheochromocytoma
• aldosteronoma
• somatostatinoma
• thyrotoxicosis

• chronic pancreatitis, pancreatectomy or pancreatic carcinoma
• acanthosis nigricans
• genetic abnormalities in proinsulin or insulin receptor

More General Terms

• chronic endocrine disease
• chronic metabolic disease
• pancreatic disease

Additional Terms

• diabetic amyotrophy/lumbar polyradiculopathy; diabetic lumbosacral radiculoplexus neuropathy (DLRPN)
• diabetic foot
• diabetic gastroparesis
• diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
• diabetic nephropathy (diabetic glomerulosclerosis, DMN)
• diabetic polyneuropathy
• diabetic retinopathy (DR, proliferative {PDR} & non-proliferative)
• diabetic teeth & gum problems
• diabetics who become pregnant
• glycemic control
• hyperglycemia
• hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar syndrome; hyperglycemic-hyperosmolar nonketotic coma (HHNC)
• hypertension & diabetes
• hypoglycemic agent
• immune dysfunction in diabetes mellitus
• prediabetes

References

1. Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 14, 15, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2006, 2009
2. The International Olympic Committee International Expert Committee Report on the Role of the A1C Assay in the Diagnosis of Diabetes Diabetes Care June 5, 2009 [1]
   - Lipska KJ et al. Identifying dysglycemic states in older adults: Implications of the emerging use of hemoglobin A1c. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010 Dec; 95:5289 PMID: [2]
   - Cohen RM et al. HbA1c for the diagnosis of diabetes and prediabetes: Is it time for a mid-course correction? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2010 Dec; 95:5203 PMID: [3]
3. VA/DoD Clinical Practice Guidelines Management of Diabetes Mellitus in Primary Care [4]
4. Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes American Diabetes Association (ADA) [5]
   - Clinical Practice Recommendations American Diabetes Association (ADA) [6] [7] [8]
5. Basic Guidelines for Diabetes Care Packet California Diabetes Program [9]
6. Diabetes Dictionary [10]
   - directory of Diabetes Organizations [11]
   - National Diabetes Statistics [12]
   - Prevent Diabetes Problems [13]
7. Diabetes: NIH Institute and Center Resources [14]
   - Diabetic Eye Problems: NIH Institute and Center Resources [15]
8. National Guideline Clearinghouse American Diabetes Association
   - Standards of medical care in diabetes. I. Classification and diagnosis. ngc-guideline: [16]
   - Standards of medical care in diabetes. II. Testing for diabetes in asymptomatic patients. ngc-guideline: [17]
   - Standards of medical care in diabetes. III. Detection and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). ngc-guideline: [18]
   - Standards of medical care in diabetes. IV. Prevention/delay of type 2 diabetes. ngc-guideline: [19]
   - Standards of medical care in diabetes. V. Diabetes care. ngc-guideline: [20]
   - Standards of medical care in diabetes. VI. Prevention and management of diabetes complications. ngc-guideline: [21]
   - Standards of medical care in diabetes. VII. Diabetes care in specific populations. ngc-guideline: [22]
   - Standards of medical care in diabetes. VIII. Diabetes care in specific settings ngc-guideline: [23] General
   - American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for developing a diabetes mellitus comprehensive care plan. ngc-guideline: [24]
   - American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes and pregnancy. ngc-guideline: [25]
   - American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes management in the hospital setting. ngc-guideline: [26]
   - American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of ngc-guideline: [27]
   - American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Hypertension management. ngc-guideline: [28]
   - American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Lipid management. ngc-guideline: [29]
   - American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of ngc-guideline: [30]
   - American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Nutrition and diabetes. ngc-guideline: [31]
   - American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Patient safety in diabetes care. ngc-guideline: [32]
   - American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists medical guidelines for clinical practice for the management of diabetes mellitus. Screening and diagnosis. ngc-guideline: [33]
   - Recommendations for management of diabetes in Vermont. ngc-guideline: [34]
   - Basic guidelines for diabetes care. (California Diabetes Program) ngc-guideline: [35]
   - VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management of diabetes mellitus ngc-guideline: [36]
   - Diabetes mellitus (Intracorp) ngc-guideline: [37]
   - Management of diabetes mellitus. Michigan Quality Improvement Consortium ngc-guideline: [38]
   - Wisconsin essential diabetes mellitus care guidelines. Wisconsin Diabetes Advisory Group. ngc-guideline: [39]
   - Diabetes mellitus. (Singapore Ministry of Health) ngc-guideline: [40]
   - Clinical guideline for adults with diabetes. Joslin Diabetes Center ngc-guideline: [41]
   - Guidelines for the practice of diabetes education. American Association of Diabetes Educators ngc-guideline: [42]
   - Management of diabetes. A national clinical guideline. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) ngc-guideline: [43]
   - VA/DoD clinical practice guideline for the management of diabetes mellitus. ngc-guideline: [44]
   - Wisconsin diabetes mellitus essential care guidelines. Wisconsin Diabetes Prevention and Control Program ngc-guideline: [45] Setting-specific guidelines
   - Diabetes management in correctional institutions (American Diabetes Association) ngc-guideline: [46]
   - Adapting your practice: treatment and recommendations for homeless patients with diabetes mellitus. ngc-guideline: [47]
   - Diabetes care in the school and day care setting. ngc-guideline: [48] Nutrition
   - Nutrition recommendations and interventions for diabetes: a position statement of the American Diabetes Association. ngc-guideline: [49]
   - Guidelines on diabetes, pre-diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. (European Society of Cardiology) ngc-guideline: [50] Laboratory
   - Guidelines and recommendations for laboratory analysis in the diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus. National Academy of Clinical Biochemistry ngc-guideline: [51] Inpatient management
   - Inpatient management guidelines for people with diabetes ngc-guideline: [52] Eyes
   - Care of the patient with diabetes mellitus American Optometric Association ngc-guideline: [53] Other
   - Diabetes and employment. (American Diabetes Association) ngc-guideline: [54]

diabetes mellitus